"Understanding Exposure" by Bryan Perterson will help you......
He likens ISO to worker bees collecting light. If you double the number you half the time to do the job (exposure time). As above it's the sensor's/film's sensitivity to light. THe higher the number the more sensitive, the less light required to get a correct exposure.
Down side is that the higher you go, the more noise/grain you will add so IQ drops.