There are a variety of medium format folders and TLRs that take quality photos in the $50 to $250 (USA) range.
Bronica SLRs are excellent cameras, and going cheap on the used market these days.
There is a 6x6 SLR called the Graflex Norita. It's pretty much as simple as a SLR gets: aperture, shutter, focus. They were cheap a few years ago; I bt they are going dirt cheap these days. There are accessories and lenses available on the used market, and they are easy to get serviced. I have one, and the 80mm f/2 lens that usually comes with it is as sharp as the Zeiss Planar on my Hasselblad.
There are also medium format and large format press cameras that'll take 120/220 roll film backs. The medium format only models go pretty cheap.