When we take photo, we want a correct exposure.
To have the correct exposure, we need to control the aperture (the amount of light entering the camera at a given time), and the shutter speed (the time allow for the light to enter).
Let's keep the ISO constant.
To have a correct exposure of a full moon, we need aperture of F/11 and shutter speed of 1/250. However, 1/250 shutter speed may not be fast enough for take a photo with a long telephoto lens such as 300mm (assuming no IS/VR/VC/OS) without camera shake issue. In order to have a faster shutter speed, I can increase the size of the aperture (by decreasing the number) so => aperture F/8 and shutter speed 1/500
As you can see, we allow double the amount of light entering the camera (1 stop of light) at a given time. But at the same time, we cut the time that allow the light to enter in half. So technically, we have the same total amount of light hitting the film/sensor at the end.
So for the same exposure, the larger the aperture, the faster the shutter speed.
Let compare these 2 lenses.
Canon EF 50mm F/2.8 macro
Canon EF 50mm F/1.4
Example: Typical office area -> EV 8
EF 50mm F/2.8 macro
Max aperture is F/2.8, with EV8, I need shutter speed of 1/30 at F/2.8
EF 50mm F/1.4
Max aperture is F/1.4, with EV8, I need shutter speed of 1/125 at F/1.4
So which one has a faster shutter speed? Of course, it is the one with larger aperture (F/1.4) and you can say EF 50mm F/1.4 lens is faster than EF 50mm F/2.8 macro lens.
Edit: I found that the 50mm macro lens is a F/2.5, not F/2.8 .