As to learning what you are seeing, lizz: there are various "types" of pictures. Selective focus pictures, which use shallow depth of field. Deep depth of field aka "pan-focus" images, which have everything in clear, sharp focus. You've got your wide-angle lens shots, which show wide angles and which tend to make the foreground loom big and large, and make the mid-ground and background "fall away", and also make the mid-and background both wide in angle of view, but with objects that are physically SMALLER on-film or smaller in the print or smaller on-screen, than with normal and telephoto lenses. Telephoto lenses actually appear to make the mid-ground and background appear "closer" to the foreground,m and telephoto lens shots also physically MAGNIFY the size (height) of background objects. Normal lens pictures render distance and size relationships in a "normal" manner.
Super-tele images magnify background object size, and make distances appear very compressed. On the opposite end are fisheye and rectilinear fisheye lens pictures, which make things appear in a very,very wide-angle manner, with extremely distorted shapes on things that are close to the camera.