Halo means that there is an inversion in brightness visible. This is how sharpening works, by increasing the edge contrast either side of a detail. When pushed too hard it halos which is if you follow my link, the result on the mountains. In this case the black line underneath the mountain line where the mountains meet the sky is a halo.
The other form comes from double sharpening, where first the contrast is inverted around the detail, and then it is again. Regardless of what you think of sharpening it is rarely if ever a good idea to sharpen the same image twice with the same settings for this very reason.
The dog looks fine, but the flowers do seem a tad over sharpened. Another thing to realise is that sharpening changes depending on the output medium. While the flowers may look oversharp to me right now on this screen, they may look more than perfect when printed on matte paper, and look different again when printed on glossy paper.
A few more things:
1. Best sharpening is done at the end of all processing.
2. Avoiding halos can be done by keeping the sharpening radius low, where even 150% sharpening in photoshop at a radius of 0.8 pixels will not show a halo and can really enhance microfine details.
3. Sharpening for small details increases noise.