First post here, so take it easy on me..
I use Canon software to pull my images off my card and then open up Adobe Bridge. Next I go through all the photos and look for pictures that don't have acceptable focus or sharpness. If the focus isn't right or it's a bit blurred by camera shake (unless I'm trying to achieve an intentional effect) I immediately delete the picture and never look back.
Next I begin to open pictures in the Bridge Editor and adjust exposure, shadows, contrast, and saturation (if any is needed), in that order. I try to get as little clipping as possible while still maintaining focus on my original subject. Sometimes clipping can't be helped and people who stare at histograms all day need to stop looking at graphs and start looking at pictures..

Sometimes I'll tweak the temperature but I usually like what my camera comes up with and I believe this is a point where personal preference (P.P.) comes into play.
Next I select the best of best images I've gotten at this point. For a given set of pictures, I usually don't have more than 5 or 10 that I really, really like at this point, but I'm pretty picky. I then convert these images into .tiff files. Next I open these one at a time and make final adjustments and tweaks in Photoshop CS.
I almost always set the white, black, grey points first. I sometimes follow that by adjusting levels. At this point, I sometimes might add a bit more contrast or do some small color tweaks, but this another of those P.P. things. I then add any special effects I may want (whitening teeth, taking out small blemishes, etc..). Finally I crop the image or adjust to the canvas size I want, then add a bit of sharpening, save it as a JPEG, and I'm done.
That's a brief overview of what I usually do, and if I had been editing a picture while I typed that, I could probably could have gone more in depth, because I probably left out a few things. I'm not sitting in front of my personal PC as of right now, but I think I hit most of the high points. Everyone has their own way of doing things, and once you find your rhythm you'll continually find new, better, faster ways of doing things.
If you'd like more information about some of the things I do, or some clarifications about anything I said above, don't hesitate to shoot me a PM.