I'll try to make this very easy to understand. There are different types of photography, just like other types of art.
If it's news or something that's purpose is to document, then there should be no cloning, or content alterations. You can improve the quality of the image, but not the reality and contents. You can neither add nor take away elements of the photo. That's the way it is.
If it's a portrait, then we move towards art. If you are documenting faces or features, then of course, don't fix anything. In fact, use only natural Sunlight, or room lights, no flash, no fill, no floods.
If you are trying to capture the essence of a subject, in a photograph, then it's art and you need to alter reality. Special lighting, lenses that are not exact fields of view, that replicate the human eye. In fact, if you place someone in a pose or in a setting, isn't that altering reality? Otherwise, you might as well get a disposable camera and take snapshots.
If your goal is art, they, that's where there are no rules. You can do anything you want or not do anything you want. But if you want an image to be pleasing, you are going to need to modify reality to succeed.
The point is, that documentation must be accurate and unaltered. Everything else, the doors are open, you need to get outside and stretch your creative legs, for a long walk, not confine yourself in some little box, of trying to make things, exactly what they are. Because they still are not!
Photography is expression. What film you use, will change the way something looks. How you develop and print the picture and on what medium, will alter the picture.
Electronic photography and subsequent editing manipulation is nothing more than an extension of the capabilities of capturing and editing film. It's making ones ability to capture and express and create art, more versatile.
Ever since cave men discovered fire, started farming and herding, instead of gathering, and the troglodytes left the caves... humans have been advancing and progressing with technology.
Digital is nothing more than a better way to take photos. Digital editing is nothing more than a better way to enhance and edit photos. Modern printing methods are a better way, than previous mediums for displaying photos.
Nothing has changed! It's just gotten much, much better.
Try to embrace photographic inventions, improvements and progress. :hug::