So if I understand correctly, you're after technical aspect that make a photograph "bad", is that it ?
Well there's the classic bad focusing, over and under exposure, rule of third ( or golden ratio) totally broken, bad color, distortion, noise and on and on and on.
The problem is, you can sometime have a picture with all of the above "problems" and it would still work as a picture. Most of the photographer don't know why it work, it just does, all they know is how to replicate the result.