I have a Pentax K200d and I was just wanting to try out some different lenses without buying everything new. It seems like there are a lot of Cannon and Nikon lenses used (and relatively cheap) but Pentax lenses are scarce.
For that Pentax, the best manual lenses to adapt are the K-mounts. Actually, that's a bit inaccurate as you don't need any type of adapter. It should work except for no autofocus. Pentax was nice enough to equip even their newest DSLRs with the proper aperture diaphragm linkages to automatically meter and stop down the lenses. One of my favs is the 40mm f/2.8 pancake.
Next, would be the Pentax adapter for Pentax 645 lenses (manual focus). Originally intended to allow for K-mount 35mm cameras to be a backup to the 645 body and share the lenses. The 645 lenses perform well (I have quite a few) but they are still relatively expensive. 75mm 645 takumar is wonderful.
Next would be the Tamron Adaptalls. All they require are the appropriate adaptall for K-mount. They work as mentioned above. A good one to have from here are the Tamron 90mm Macro and the 1:1 teleconverter design specifically for it. Wonderful lens.
Next are screwmounts with with a simple K-mount -> M42 adapter, you them proceed into M42 screwmount lenses that predate the K-mount. The adapter can be found online,
ebay, and locally for about $20-30. There's not much to the adapter. They work fairly well but you will have to stop down the lenses manually. Only lenses that have the "A(auto) and M(manual)" switch will allow you to stop down the lens. Otherwise, you'll be stuck shooting wide open as the modern DSLR doesn't have the mechanism to activate the aperture (steel rod needs to be pushed in by the camera). Most noted of these are the "Takumar" lenses which were made for the Spotmatics manufactured by the Aashi Optical Company (Japan). These eventually get spawned off to the company now known as Pentax. Of course, the 50mm f/1.4 which is SHARP but the coatings are slightly radioactive and degrade overtime... turning yellow in color. Later serials have improved coatings to slow this effect. I also have the 500mm f/4 which performs well given its age. Speaking age, don't forget that these lenses can date back to the 50s/60s. Do research on which ones have coatings and once that don't (takumar == SMC).
My "budget" DSLR is a pentax mount Samsung copy of the Pentax *ist DL. Its a bit older than the K200D so the settings might be different. I had to change settings in the camera accordingly. Previous post of mine:
"All my old lenses work Both K and KA even though the camera sepecifically mentions only KA and KAF. There are few settings that got the manual k-mounts without the "A" setting on the aperture work. 1) "AE-L on M expr" needs to be set to 2 to allow the "AE-L" button function as the stop-down metering in aperture priority. 2) "Use Aperture ring" has to be set to 2 to allow you to use lenses even though they are not set in the "A" setting. 3) Move the switch from "AF" to "M" or else the camera will try to focus prior to letting you trip the shutter. 4) The camera has to be set to full "M" manual mode. Once you set 1 and 2, you can leave it that way even though you switching between AF lenses and Manual K-mounts. Once all set, you basically focus, set your aperture via the lens ring, hit AE-L (stops down and sets shutter), and then press the shutter. Works pretty seemlessly. I got a kick out of mounting my older screw mount M42 lenses too."
You can pretty much find anything in M42 mount to keep an interest... don't shy away from some of the other off brands as well. I've been collecting Pentax/Takumars/M42 for a while now. Its interesting how the "look" these older lenses produce... pretty fun.
As someone mentioned, the complexities of adapting lenses are 1) Flange Distance 2) Mirror clearance (watch those fisheyes) 3) Aperture stop down. Do research.. there is a wealth out there.