A 'stop' is essentially the unit of measurement for exposure. One 'stop' refers to either doubling or halving the amount of light used for the exposure. For instance: If ideal exposure is ISO 200, 1/125 and f8, you might decide to increase exposure by one stop because of the conditions: You could increase shutter speed to 1/250 or aperture to f11 (Note: whole aperture values don't follow numeric progression). Each one of those would allow twice the amount of light to hit your sensor. 2/3 of a stop would be an increase would mean increasing shutter speed to ~1/200 or aperture to ~f10.
ISO is measured in stops as well, and increasing ISO from 200 to 400 would be a one-stop increase, but rather than allowing more light to enter the camera, it increases the sensitivity of your sensor.