Might be better off to do everything you can to maximize the sharpness without any added lens (use a tripod & self timer etc.) Then just crop the image if that doesn't get you enough reach.
I really don't believe that cropping an image will offer better quality than having a lens convertor, judging by the quality of my camera on 1x1 and when comparing the quality of the image samples I've seen using this type of lens. This also gets off topic.
Well, honestly, to be completely blunt, you're wrong. Cropping an image doesn't degrade the quality at all. It just shows how bad it was in the first place, better. Putting anything infront of the lens will degrade the quality. That much is inherent simply because the photos will have more glass to go through. No matter how minimal, it's true. And it's not getting off topic. You want to extend your reach, he's trying to tell you how.
No you'd need a dslr with interchangeable lenses. And a fairly high end, bright telescope. It's going to be expensive, heavy, and awkward to work with. But there is really no other way to get insanely long focal lengths. The longest lens I know of is canons 1200mm. On a crop body, that would be an 1800mm lens. But you're talking $15,000 or more to get set up with a kit like that.
If you want to get over 800mm with good image quality, you have spend some serious, serious money.
well, since I my camera is not a DSLR...
Since your camera is not a DSLR, you can
actually reach 840mm at all without spending $15,000. So, you're the lucky one. But, since your camera is not a DSLR, you can't crop to 1:1 and have great image quality. You really have to think about what you're trying to do, and think about what is reasonable. Most of us on the forum can't get past 300mm without a teleconverter (and $3,000-8,000 worth of kit!). You're trying to push 1000mm with a $400 camera, and a $50 screw-on magnifying glass and get superb image quality. Sorry, but that isn't going to happen any time soon in the photographic world.
If you want to get remotely serious about this, though, you could always get a Nikon D3000 for less than you paid for your SX40, and a
Sigma 300-800mm (which turns into a 450-1200mm) as your walkaround lens. It'll only cost you $8.5k. But, that's cheap in the photo world for that kind of reach and image quality.

Mark