Sounds like your partitions are messed up and that's why it won't boot. Since you mentioned Ubuntu, I'd put the ubuntu CD/DVD in the drive and try to boot it to the live CD version. This should allow you to access any working partitions on the drive and copy files from them to back them up.
Then I'd wipe the drive in the laptop completely and reinstall from scratch. That will most likely be your best bet.
I was actually going ahead with the hard drive thing. I comprehend taking out the hard drive. The way things are on 8 I actually wonder if it is a bios problem they seemed linked from the manufacturer and Microsoft now. Not like it used to be. would it even boot from cd? Didnt seem like it wants to boot at all. But then I don't know I am ignorant on the new "ways". Can you flash 8 for a bios repair? Old days just flash the bios and run a recovery cd. I am getting old me thinks. I am missing xp. it sucked but after they did the 214 or so updates over the years to fix it it actually kinda worked. Just when the finally sort the bugs out they out with a new one (LMAO). Remember the constant unregistered dll problem with xp? That was wicked fun. shoot. windows 98 is looking good right now. I think technology passed me by. My kid had to show me how to use my cell phone.
Windows 8 uses UEFI for quicker boot times - unfortunately this also means it's more or less hooked into the BIOS which can be a royal pain.
On a lot of systems, HP's in particular, if you hit the F10 key right after you power up that will get you into the BIOS. A lot of other systems use F12, and quite a few laptops will have F8 or F2 reserved for that purpose. On a lot of the newer windows 8 loads F2 will do the trick.
Windows 8 takes advantage of a new "Secure Boot" system built into UEFI bios's.. which is nice enough in theory but in practice if your Windows 8 install blows up, it' can be a royal pain in the keester. One of the many reasons I don't run Windows 8 - I stuck with 7 and won't be upgrading myself particularly on my laptop.