Faster AF, better ISO capability, faster FPS, better actuations...etc. just to name a very few. But to me what matters most is build quality.
isn't it the lens that controls the AF speed?
The lens motor, the size/weight of the lens elements...does play a part. But the 'brain' of the AF is a processor inside the camera. Also, the number, layout and type of AF sensors, is also something that is inside the camera, not the lens.
As mentioned, one of the biggest things that you'll notice when you go from an 'entry level' DSLR, to a mid or pro grade model, is the build and layout of the body. For example, on your Rebel, to change the aperture while in manual mode, you must press a button while adjusting the control dial. On higher end cameras, there are two (or more) dials, so that you don't have to push+turn. Higher end bodies also have more external buttons for quick access to the things we change most often. ISO, metering mode, AF mode, Drive mode, WB, etc. They may also have another LCD screen on top of the body, for quick viewing of the settings.
Yet another difference is the size & layout of the body. I don't like Rebels much, as they are too small for my hands. A battery grip can improve that, but I like the bigger bodies found on higher end cameras.
The build materials and quality is yet another difference. Higher end bodies have more metal and less plastic than your Rebel. They also have more/better environmental seals around the buttons & doors etc. The pro end bodies are designed to work in heavy rain if need be.
They are also designed with heavy use in mind. You'll often hear a pro camera described as a 'brick' or 'tank' because they feel very solid. A Rebel, in comparison, feels more like a toy.
Don't take my word for it. Go into a good camera store and pick up a 1Ds mkIII or a 1Dx, or a Nikon D3 or D4.