Film can be scratched any number of places. Advancing through the cartridge's felt lips. At the pressure plate, or at the film gate aperture area. When being rewound, from either the felt lips, the pressure plate, or the aperture gate area. It can be scratched in the roller transport processing machine, or as it comes out of that machine...it can be scratched AS it is loading in the printer,but before the frames are printed...it can be scratched as it is being sleeved...you name it, film can be scratched at any place along the line...
Film cartridges and cassettes that rattle around in a woman's purse, or in a car's change tray or back seat can pick up all sorts of lint and grit, over as long as a month or more...those rolls of film are opened, loaded and some of that junk gets in to the roller transport processing machine, and into the solutions...Labs that devellop "consumer" film from people who bring it in loose, and fish it out of their purses,pockets,and backpacks will usually give you back scratched negatives,more often than not.
"Dip and dunk" processing is expensive and hard to find these days, but worth it. Roller transport developing usually, well, let's say "often" means the chances of scratches on the negs are pretty high.