Cats! Seriously cats walking on a keyboard are another source of random data loss!
The causes can be many including but not limited to;
1) Interruption of the card whilst writing/accessing data. eg
a) pulling the card out whilst the camera is writing/reading data
b) power cut off (turning it off/power drain) whilst writing/reading data
c) power fluctuation
2) Corruption of menus within the card that prevent the computer "seeing" the data that is actually present.
3) Incorrect formatting setup or incorrect detection of formatting - again making the computer "blind" to the data present.
4) Imperfections in the care design leading to bad hardware that fails (can also be a result of wear and tear or damage from improper use)
5) Waterlogging followed by mineral deposits
6) Computer gremlins (covers everything else).
Cards are just like hard-drives in that data problems can occur. It's just part of life with computers - although as you can see above there are ways to avoid causing the problems.