Cultural Anthropology:
Cultural Anthropology is the study of culturally transmitted behaviors passed on from generation to generation that defines a group. This includes things such as language, social structure, law, religion, technology, and economy. A Cultural Anthropologist may study kinship patterns, social norms, legal systems, education, trade, and a host of other human activities.
Cultural Anthropology is divided into two parts Ethnography and Ethnology. Ethnography is the study and description of specific culture or subculture. Ethnology is the construction or application of theory based on the ethnographic information recovered and the comparison of cultural phenomena across cultures. Cultural Anthropologists use both in their study of human culture. Cultural Anthropologists may draw on Archaeology, Linguistics, Art, Religion, Economics, and other disciplines in their work.
Physical Anthropology:
Physical Anthropology is the study of the human body, how it evolved, and how it is modified by human behavior. Physical Anthropologists may also study other primate species both those extinct and those in the modern world. Physical Anthropologists may search for and study the remains of ancient hominids in Africa and elsewhere to gain incite into the evolution of the human species, or living humans or the remains prehistoric burials to understand genetic relationships with other groups, demographics, diet, occupation, health and lifestyle of the individual or group under study. Physical Anthropologists also assist police in the investigation of crimes and work in industry to help design products for human use specific to the body, such as aircraft seats, etc.
Archaeology:
Archaeology is the study of past cultures through the recovery and examination of prehistoric cultural materials. Archaeologists study materials used in daily household, economic, and ritualistic functions and other human activities. When human remains are encountered the archaeologist may seek to identify its genetic relations with known groups, status of the individual, occupation, and overall health. When animal and plant remains are encountered it may be significant to know the species to determine climate, its nutritional value, its uses by historic groups, and other issues.
The artifacts such as stone tools and pottery help understand the activities and occupations of the users, trade patterns, and cultural relationships. House floors may help in understanding family structure, size, and activities. Understanding the physical environment by studying the soils on which the site is found may help determine the climate and age of the site. Archaeologists use the fields of Physical Anthropology, Cultural Anthropology, Botany, Otology, Art, Agronomy, Geology, and other disciplines to help interpret the data to reconstruct the culture represented.
Anthropological Linguistics:
Linguistics is the study of human language and communication. Linguists are found not only in Anthropology, but also in language studies, cognitive research, medical research, mathematics, computer science, and other fields. There are many types or specialized areas of linguistics, including formal linguistics (influenced especially by Noam Chomsky), socio-linguistics, historical linguistics, dialectology, phonetics, and psycholinguistics. For anthropologists, linguistics primarily concerns the development of language and the historic relations that tie groups together and how language is related to the construction of a group's organization and world view. Some anthropological linguists analyze not only spoken or written language but also non-verbal forms of communication such as personal space and gestures. They may also study communication of other primate or non-primate species.